Theophonia the divine voice

Saint Epiphanius of Salamis; translated by Frank Williams

The Panarion, Book I, Sects 1-46

The first book arranges religious groups and teachings within a history of error and refutation. Its accounts of Gnostic systems preserve reports and quotations that must be read together with Epiphanius’ polemical purpose.

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Edition page: The Panarion, Book I, Sects 1-46

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Key themes

  • Early Christian controversies
  • Reporting opposing teachings

Questions for your reading

  • How does Epiphanius’ purpose shape the way he reports the groups he opposes?